Bibliography
Butler, Rhett. "‘Deforestation Fronts’ Revealed." Mongabay Environmental News. N. p., 27 Apr. 2015. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
The purpose of using this source was to gather images to help answer my research question. This article had many images and charts that provided statistics and a visual representation of the issue which was needed in order for me to understand what the impact of this topic looked like in different parts of the world. It also helped to answer some of my guiding questions, as it told me what industries were the most destructive of the forests in what areas and a map of the deforestation hotspots which helped me to choose case studies to research later on. When I first found this source, I was still trying to decide which case studies to research, and seeing where deforestation impacted the most was a good way to decide which areas of the world would have the most information of the damage done by deforestation. While this source was very useful to me, it was published in 2015, so some of the statistics may have changed since then, but it still provided a good visual representation of the issue of deforestation.
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. “Maintenance of Productive Capacity of Forest Ecosystems.” Forests Australia. Australian Government, 2018.
Web. 30 Apr. 2019
This source was a report done by the Australian government in 2018 to give information on the state of Australia’s forests and how the land is used and who has access to the forested land for commercial use. I needed a source from the perspective of the government to support my research questions and to give the perspective of the group of people with the most power in this situation, the lawmakers, and this was a good way to get their perspective without adding in the perspective of a reporter, or another person. Since this source is directly reported from the government, it has a bias towards the government and excludes the illegal activities going on in the country, but this is an example of how the government communicates with citizens and shows how it leaves out the illegal activity in the country. This source also shows how the government displays its power over the indigenous community and other individuals or companies living or working off in the forests.
Endicott, Kirk. "The Effects Of Logging On The Batek Of Malaysia." Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine, Culturalsurvival.org. Jun. 1982. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
The NGO’s magazine article featured the story of a group of indigenous people living in the Malaysian rainforest that were forced out by a logging company and the government in order to cut down the forest for profit. This article was written for the June 1982 issue of the magazine and connects the issue of deforestation today, to the problem that it created in the past and lends insight as to how the issue has evolved over time. Knowing this allowed me to answer my questions with a broader look at how power is distributed amongst the different groups of people in incidents of deforestation throughout history. Understanding how this issue was handled when it first surfaced compared to now helped me see if any changes have been made in how this situation is handled. Learning about the history of this topic also allowed me to see which methods for helping to solve this issue have worked and which possible solution have not had any affect on the impacts of deforestation.
Fagan, Chris and Wallace, Scott. "Isolated Nomads Are Under Siege In The Amazon Jungle." National Geographic Magazine, Nationalgeographic.com, Oct. 2018.
Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, the authors tell the story of how the indigenous people living in the Amazon have formed groups to keep out the companies trying to cut down their forests by banding together and fighting the industries head on. This source was helpful to my research because it was an example of how the companies causing deforestation have more power over the people living in the rainforests because even when the indigenous people fight back, they are still unheard and overpowered by the companies. National Geographic is also a reliable source because it is well-known for factual reporting and has a reputation as a scholarly source of information.
Gaworecki, Mike. "Rotten Beef And Illegal Deforestation: Brazil’s Largest Meatpacker Rocked By Scandals." Mongabay Series. Mongabay Environmental News.,
5 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article published by Mongabay, the multiple scandals surrounding the world’s largest meat packer, JBS, are explained as well as how they are contributing to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. Since the article was published 2 years ago, the scandals have blown over, yet the same problem of industries causing deforestation has continued in the Amazon and around the world. This helped me to realize that companies have more power than the indigenous people living in the rainforests, they are still overpowered by the government which helped me to answer my research questions surrounding the perspective of the industries cutting down the rainforests. Mongabay is a reliable source for this information because it provides news of the events taking places in the rainforest, and it is not an organization trying to help as that would make them a biased source of news.
MacLean, Dana. "Palm Oil Fuels Indonesia Deforestation ." Aljazeera.com. N. p., 4 Apr. 2014. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article about a village in Indonesia with the Dayak people who are trying to stop the deforestation in their area of the rainforest and to protect it from the palm oil plantations that are harming the environment. The story of these people helped me to gain insight into how indigenous people try to gain power over the fate of their forests and how when they stand up to the companies, they are harassed and some are even killed to take power away from those advocating for the forest to remain the way that it is. Seeing how these people gain power to revoke companies’ licenses helped me to see how when people have less power than others, they still try to grow their power in order to make a difference which helped me to see how the indigenous people are affected by deforestation in their rainforests. Even though this article was written in 2014, it is still a good example of a time when indigenous people gained power to make a difference in their communities.
Mahar, Dennis J. “Government Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region.” World Bank. N.p., Jan. 1989. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This World Bank report gives a statement on how the land is used by companies and how it is managed by the government in 1989. The World Bank is a group that financially aids countries in need and is well known for this work around the world and provides the perspective of a group that has power in the country, but still observes from the outside which makes for more factual reporting. This report was published in 1989 which gave me information to compare the state of the Amazon rainforest today and 30 years ago and also a comparison of how the problem of deforestation was handled then and now. Adding this source to my research helped me to find when this started to become a big problem in history and how power is distributed across the different groups of people affected by deforestation.
N.a. "'It's All Finished' - Tribal Chief On Deforestation Of The Amazon Rainforest." ODN. YouTube, 11 Jun. 2014. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this interview, two indigenous tribal leaders were interviewed on the effects that deforestation has had on their life in the Amazon and how they are working towards trying to keep their land a forest and to prevent more land from being clear cut in the future. While this interview was done in 2014, it is relevant ot my research because the tribal leaders are talking about how they went to the government to try and put some of the money from the 2014 World Cup in Brazil towards saving the rainforest to allow their way of life to continue, but they did not have enough power for the government to listen to them. Hearing this story of an interaction between a group of indigenous people and the government helped me to determine which groups of people have the most power in advocating for the fate of the rainforests.
N.a. "Logging And Deforestation In Borneo, Interview With Iban Chief." Overlander.tv. YouTube, 5 Jun. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this interview done with a chief of a group of natives in Borneo, the chief explains how his tribe’s forested land is being taken away by logging companies and how they are cutting down the trees for timber. He also explains how they have tried to stand up for themselves, but the companies do not listen to them, since the people native to the rainforests have no power over the companies that come in and work on the land. This interview was done in 2012, but the events that were happening then are still happening now, and it gives me a sense of how the indigenous people with less power respond to others trying to take their land for commercial use. Their sentiment that it is their rainforest because they have been living on the land for so long is shared by the other groups of people around the world whose land is being taken away. This story helped me to see the impact of logging on the people and wildlife living in the rainforests and how the group of people with more power get to decide the fate of the forests, even if it harms others living off of the resources the forests provide.
Phillips, Tom. "Poor Brazilians Rejoice As Loggers Return To Pillage The Rainforest." the Guardian. N. p., 15 Feb. 2009. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This article tells the story of a small town in Brazil that runs on the profit from work in the mills of illegal loggers, and when the government forced the loggers out, the town suffered, but when they returned, people got back their jobs and the town bounced back. Reading this story helped me to gain insight into the perspective of people who benefit from deforestation which helped me in my research by adding another perspective that was still a group of people whose fate was determined by bigger companies, but still have no power within the companies to make decisions that would impact them. Even though this article was written in 2009, this story is still relevant because it provides a good example of how people’s fate depends on the rainforest and the companies working in it, but they still do not have a seat at the table for making decisions that affect their lives.
Sen Nag, Oishimaya. "World Leaders In Wood Product Exports." WorldAtlas. N. p., 25 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, Oishimaya gives data on the leading forest exports in countries around the world including Brazil and ranks the amount of money generated for the country from these products. This source was helpful to answer some of the low level questions and to start my research because when there are more forest products being exported from a country, it means that there is more deforestation in that country which helped me to find case studies to research. It also gave me statistics on the amount of money that forest products generate and how the country benefits from deforestation, and this was written from the perspective of a researcher looking at the benefits of deforestation, which makes this source biased towards the companies. This bias was acceptable for this source because I mainly used it for statistics and the benefits to the economy of forest exports.
Slezak, Michael. "'Global Deforestation Hotspot': 3M Hectares Of Australian Forest To Be Lost In 15 Years." the Guardian. N. p., 4 Mar. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This source was an article with basic information on deforestation in Australia, and it featured the causes and effects of deforestation as well as what is causing it and what is being done about it. This article helped me to get a sense of the problem of deforestation in Australia as well as reliable statistics and facts because the Guardian is a well-known source of reliable information and since this article was written in 2018, the statistics are up to date and still apply to today. The statistics in this article helped me to answer some of my low and mid level questions because it gave a general overview of deforestation in Australia as well as the perspective of a news agency observing from outside, which is reliable because they are not a stakeholder in this issue.
Wallace, Scott. "Brazil's New Leader Promised To Exploit The Amazon—But Can He?." Nationalgeographic.com. N. p., 31 Oct. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, Wallace talks about how the president elect of Brazil says that he is going to cut back on the budget for government environmental agencies, forest protection, and indigenous rights and increase the amount of forest products exported in order to help economy. This article helped me to understand the government’s perspective of why they are allowing deforestation in the Amazon and who is fighting within the government to stop it. Understanding this perspective helped me to see who has more power and who deforestation affects the most, as well as helping with my research because it added this perspective from a reliable source that is well known for factual reporting and since this was a recent article, it is still a relevant source.
World Wide Fund (WWF). "Deforestation In Eastern Australia." Wwf.panda.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This article on WWF talks about the environmental effects that deforestation has in Australia as well as how it affects the wildlife in the area and in the Great Barrier Reef. Reading an article produced by an organization that is known for advocating for the environment helped me to see who is trying to help stop deforestation and who has the power to actually make a difference. This article gave reliable statistics since it was published in 2019, which showed me the scale of deforestation in Australia and the extent of the harm done to wildlife and the environment as a result of deforestation. The article also helped me to answer some of my research questions because it explained how deforestation affected the surrounding areas and the wildlife that lives in those forested areas that are being clear cut, as a result of industries moving in and using the land for commercial use.
World Wide Fund (WWF). "Deforestation In The Amazon." Wwf.panda.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, WWF explains the problem of deforestation in the Amazon and how it affects the wildlife and ecosystems in the forests as well as providing statistics on the damage the rainforest has sustained since deforestation became a major problem. Information about the wildlife in these rainforests helped me to answer some of my research questions because it gave the perspective of a well known organization observing the problem of deforestation from the outside, unlike some of my other sources which were written from the perspective of a stakeholder in the issue. Having an outside perspective is more reliable because they are less biased because each decision made about the issue does not directly affect them, but they are an environmental organization who is trying to help the environment which makes them slightly biased, but not as biased as if they were a stakeholder in the issue.
The purpose of using this source was to gather images to help answer my research question. This article had many images and charts that provided statistics and a visual representation of the issue which was needed in order for me to understand what the impact of this topic looked like in different parts of the world. It also helped to answer some of my guiding questions, as it told me what industries were the most destructive of the forests in what areas and a map of the deforestation hotspots which helped me to choose case studies to research later on. When I first found this source, I was still trying to decide which case studies to research, and seeing where deforestation impacted the most was a good way to decide which areas of the world would have the most information of the damage done by deforestation. While this source was very useful to me, it was published in 2015, so some of the statistics may have changed since then, but it still provided a good visual representation of the issue of deforestation.
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources. “Maintenance of Productive Capacity of Forest Ecosystems.” Forests Australia. Australian Government, 2018.
Web. 30 Apr. 2019
This source was a report done by the Australian government in 2018 to give information on the state of Australia’s forests and how the land is used and who has access to the forested land for commercial use. I needed a source from the perspective of the government to support my research questions and to give the perspective of the group of people with the most power in this situation, the lawmakers, and this was a good way to get their perspective without adding in the perspective of a reporter, or another person. Since this source is directly reported from the government, it has a bias towards the government and excludes the illegal activities going on in the country, but this is an example of how the government communicates with citizens and shows how it leaves out the illegal activity in the country. This source also shows how the government displays its power over the indigenous community and other individuals or companies living or working off in the forests.
Endicott, Kirk. "The Effects Of Logging On The Batek Of Malaysia." Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine, Culturalsurvival.org. Jun. 1982. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
The NGO’s magazine article featured the story of a group of indigenous people living in the Malaysian rainforest that were forced out by a logging company and the government in order to cut down the forest for profit. This article was written for the June 1982 issue of the magazine and connects the issue of deforestation today, to the problem that it created in the past and lends insight as to how the issue has evolved over time. Knowing this allowed me to answer my questions with a broader look at how power is distributed amongst the different groups of people in incidents of deforestation throughout history. Understanding how this issue was handled when it first surfaced compared to now helped me see if any changes have been made in how this situation is handled. Learning about the history of this topic also allowed me to see which methods for helping to solve this issue have worked and which possible solution have not had any affect on the impacts of deforestation.
Fagan, Chris and Wallace, Scott. "Isolated Nomads Are Under Siege In The Amazon Jungle." National Geographic Magazine, Nationalgeographic.com, Oct. 2018.
Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, the authors tell the story of how the indigenous people living in the Amazon have formed groups to keep out the companies trying to cut down their forests by banding together and fighting the industries head on. This source was helpful to my research because it was an example of how the companies causing deforestation have more power over the people living in the rainforests because even when the indigenous people fight back, they are still unheard and overpowered by the companies. National Geographic is also a reliable source because it is well-known for factual reporting and has a reputation as a scholarly source of information.
Gaworecki, Mike. "Rotten Beef And Illegal Deforestation: Brazil’s Largest Meatpacker Rocked By Scandals." Mongabay Series. Mongabay Environmental News.,
5 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article published by Mongabay, the multiple scandals surrounding the world’s largest meat packer, JBS, are explained as well as how they are contributing to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. Since the article was published 2 years ago, the scandals have blown over, yet the same problem of industries causing deforestation has continued in the Amazon and around the world. This helped me to realize that companies have more power than the indigenous people living in the rainforests, they are still overpowered by the government which helped me to answer my research questions surrounding the perspective of the industries cutting down the rainforests. Mongabay is a reliable source for this information because it provides news of the events taking places in the rainforest, and it is not an organization trying to help as that would make them a biased source of news.
MacLean, Dana. "Palm Oil Fuels Indonesia Deforestation ." Aljazeera.com. N. p., 4 Apr. 2014. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article about a village in Indonesia with the Dayak people who are trying to stop the deforestation in their area of the rainforest and to protect it from the palm oil plantations that are harming the environment. The story of these people helped me to gain insight into how indigenous people try to gain power over the fate of their forests and how when they stand up to the companies, they are harassed and some are even killed to take power away from those advocating for the forest to remain the way that it is. Seeing how these people gain power to revoke companies’ licenses helped me to see how when people have less power than others, they still try to grow their power in order to make a difference which helped me to see how the indigenous people are affected by deforestation in their rainforests. Even though this article was written in 2014, it is still a good example of a time when indigenous people gained power to make a difference in their communities.
Mahar, Dennis J. “Government Policies and Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon Region.” World Bank. N.p., Jan. 1989. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This World Bank report gives a statement on how the land is used by companies and how it is managed by the government in 1989. The World Bank is a group that financially aids countries in need and is well known for this work around the world and provides the perspective of a group that has power in the country, but still observes from the outside which makes for more factual reporting. This report was published in 1989 which gave me information to compare the state of the Amazon rainforest today and 30 years ago and also a comparison of how the problem of deforestation was handled then and now. Adding this source to my research helped me to find when this started to become a big problem in history and how power is distributed across the different groups of people affected by deforestation.
N.a. "'It's All Finished' - Tribal Chief On Deforestation Of The Amazon Rainforest." ODN. YouTube, 11 Jun. 2014. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this interview, two indigenous tribal leaders were interviewed on the effects that deforestation has had on their life in the Amazon and how they are working towards trying to keep their land a forest and to prevent more land from being clear cut in the future. While this interview was done in 2014, it is relevant ot my research because the tribal leaders are talking about how they went to the government to try and put some of the money from the 2014 World Cup in Brazil towards saving the rainforest to allow their way of life to continue, but they did not have enough power for the government to listen to them. Hearing this story of an interaction between a group of indigenous people and the government helped me to determine which groups of people have the most power in advocating for the fate of the rainforests.
N.a. "Logging And Deforestation In Borneo, Interview With Iban Chief." Overlander.tv. YouTube, 5 Jun. 2012. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this interview done with a chief of a group of natives in Borneo, the chief explains how his tribe’s forested land is being taken away by logging companies and how they are cutting down the trees for timber. He also explains how they have tried to stand up for themselves, but the companies do not listen to them, since the people native to the rainforests have no power over the companies that come in and work on the land. This interview was done in 2012, but the events that were happening then are still happening now, and it gives me a sense of how the indigenous people with less power respond to others trying to take their land for commercial use. Their sentiment that it is their rainforest because they have been living on the land for so long is shared by the other groups of people around the world whose land is being taken away. This story helped me to see the impact of logging on the people and wildlife living in the rainforests and how the group of people with more power get to decide the fate of the forests, even if it harms others living off of the resources the forests provide.
Phillips, Tom. "Poor Brazilians Rejoice As Loggers Return To Pillage The Rainforest." the Guardian. N. p., 15 Feb. 2009. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This article tells the story of a small town in Brazil that runs on the profit from work in the mills of illegal loggers, and when the government forced the loggers out, the town suffered, but when they returned, people got back their jobs and the town bounced back. Reading this story helped me to gain insight into the perspective of people who benefit from deforestation which helped me in my research by adding another perspective that was still a group of people whose fate was determined by bigger companies, but still have no power within the companies to make decisions that would impact them. Even though this article was written in 2009, this story is still relevant because it provides a good example of how people’s fate depends on the rainforest and the companies working in it, but they still do not have a seat at the table for making decisions that affect their lives.
Sen Nag, Oishimaya. "World Leaders In Wood Product Exports." WorldAtlas. N. p., 25 Apr. 2017. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, Oishimaya gives data on the leading forest exports in countries around the world including Brazil and ranks the amount of money generated for the country from these products. This source was helpful to answer some of the low level questions and to start my research because when there are more forest products being exported from a country, it means that there is more deforestation in that country which helped me to find case studies to research. It also gave me statistics on the amount of money that forest products generate and how the country benefits from deforestation, and this was written from the perspective of a researcher looking at the benefits of deforestation, which makes this source biased towards the companies. This bias was acceptable for this source because I mainly used it for statistics and the benefits to the economy of forest exports.
Slezak, Michael. "'Global Deforestation Hotspot': 3M Hectares Of Australian Forest To Be Lost In 15 Years." the Guardian. N. p., 4 Mar. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This source was an article with basic information on deforestation in Australia, and it featured the causes and effects of deforestation as well as what is causing it and what is being done about it. This article helped me to get a sense of the problem of deforestation in Australia as well as reliable statistics and facts because the Guardian is a well-known source of reliable information and since this article was written in 2018, the statistics are up to date and still apply to today. The statistics in this article helped me to answer some of my low and mid level questions because it gave a general overview of deforestation in Australia as well as the perspective of a news agency observing from outside, which is reliable because they are not a stakeholder in this issue.
Wallace, Scott. "Brazil's New Leader Promised To Exploit The Amazon—But Can He?." Nationalgeographic.com. N. p., 31 Oct. 2018. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, Wallace talks about how the president elect of Brazil says that he is going to cut back on the budget for government environmental agencies, forest protection, and indigenous rights and increase the amount of forest products exported in order to help economy. This article helped me to understand the government’s perspective of why they are allowing deforestation in the Amazon and who is fighting within the government to stop it. Understanding this perspective helped me to see who has more power and who deforestation affects the most, as well as helping with my research because it added this perspective from a reliable source that is well known for factual reporting and since this was a recent article, it is still a relevant source.
World Wide Fund (WWF). "Deforestation In Eastern Australia." Wwf.panda.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
This article on WWF talks about the environmental effects that deforestation has in Australia as well as how it affects the wildlife in the area and in the Great Barrier Reef. Reading an article produced by an organization that is known for advocating for the environment helped me to see who is trying to help stop deforestation and who has the power to actually make a difference. This article gave reliable statistics since it was published in 2019, which showed me the scale of deforestation in Australia and the extent of the harm done to wildlife and the environment as a result of deforestation. The article also helped me to answer some of my research questions because it explained how deforestation affected the surrounding areas and the wildlife that lives in those forested areas that are being clear cut, as a result of industries moving in and using the land for commercial use.
World Wide Fund (WWF). "Deforestation In The Amazon." Wwf.panda.org. N. p., 2019. Web. 30 Apr. 2019.
In this article, WWF explains the problem of deforestation in the Amazon and how it affects the wildlife and ecosystems in the forests as well as providing statistics on the damage the rainforest has sustained since deforestation became a major problem. Information about the wildlife in these rainforests helped me to answer some of my research questions because it gave the perspective of a well known organization observing the problem of deforestation from the outside, unlike some of my other sources which were written from the perspective of a stakeholder in the issue. Having an outside perspective is more reliable because they are less biased because each decision made about the issue does not directly affect them, but they are an environmental organization who is trying to help the environment which makes them slightly biased, but not as biased as if they were a stakeholder in the issue.